Eturauhasen hyvänlaatuinen liikakasvu

Käypä hoito
23.7.2005
Suomalaisen Lääkäriseuran Duodecimin ja Suomen Urologiyhdistyksen asettama työryhmä

SUOSITUS ON PÄIVITETTÄVÄNÄ

Suosituksen tulostettava versio (pdf) «»1

Kohderyhmä

  • Hoitosuositus on tarkoitettu sekä perusterveydenhuoltoon että erikoissairaanhoitoon. Sillä pyritään parantamaan eturauhasen hyvänlaatuisen liikakasvun diagnostiikkaa sekä luomaan yhtenäinen käytäntö hoidolle.

Epidemiologia

Diagnostiikka

Tavoitteet

  • Tavoitteena on todeta
    • tapaukset, joissa virtsaamisoireet johtuvat eturauhasen hyvänlaatuisesta suurentumasta ja jotka voidaan hoitaa suoraan perusterveydenhoidossa, sekä
    • tapaukset, joissa potilas tarvitsee erikoissairaanhoidon tutkimuksia ja hoitoja.
  • Erikoissairaanhoidon tutkimusten tulee johtaa tarkkaan virtsaamishäiriön diagnoosiin ja oikeaan hoitoon.

Oireet

Taulukko 1. DAN-PSS-1-luokituksen pisterajat alavirtsatieoireiden vaikeusasteen määrittämisessä.
PistemääräVaikeusaste
0 – 7Lievä
8 – 18Keskivaikea
19 –Vaikea
Taulukko 2. IPSS-luokituksen pisterajat alavirtsatieoireiden vaikeusasteen määrittämisessä.
PistemääräVaikeusaste
0 – 7Lievä
8 – 19Keskivaikea
20 – 35Vaikea
Taulukko 3. Virtsaamisoirekysely (IPSS). Vastatkaa kysymyksiin ympäröimällä kultakin riviltä yksi numero. Kysely koskee viimeksi kuluneen kuukauden tilannetta. Päivämäärä__/__/200_
Ei koskaanNoin joka 5. kertaNoin joka 3. kertaNoin joka 2. kertaNoin kahtena kertana kolmestaMelkein aina
1. Kuinka usein teillä on ollut tunne että rakko ei ole tyhjentynyt täysin virtsaamisen jälkeen?012345
2. Kuinka usein teidän on täytynyt virtsata uudelleen ennen kuin edellisestä virtsaamisesta on kulunut kaksi tuntia?012345
3. Kuinka usein olette huomannut, että virtsasuihku on katkeillut virtsaamisen aikana?012345
4. Kuinka usein teillä on ollut vaikeuksia pidättää virtsaa virtsaamistarpeen ilmaannuttua?012345
5. Kuinka usein olette huomannut, että virtsasuihku on heikentynyt?012345
6. Kuinka usein olette joutunut ponnistelemaan saadaksenne virtsaamisen käyntiin?012345
En kertaakaanKerran2 kertaa3 kertaa4 kertaa5 kertaa tai useammin
7. Kuinka usein olette tavallisimmin joutunut nousemaan virtsalle mentyänne illalla nukkumaan ja ennen kuin nousitte aamulla ylös?012345
Kokonais-pistemäärä = IPSS
Virtsaoireiden vaikutus elämänlaatuun
Erittäin tyytyväinenTyytyväinenEnimmäkseen tyytyväinenSuunnilleen yhtä tyytyväinen kuin tyytymätönEnimmäkseen tyytymätönOnnetonErittäin onneton
1. Miltä teistä tuntuisi, jos virtsaamisenne säilyisi nykyisenlaisena lopun ikäänne?0123456
Elämän-laatu-indeksi=

Perustutkimukset

Täydentävät tutkimukset

Erotusdiagnostiikka

  • Erotusdiagnostiikassa huomioon otettavat sairaudet on lueteltu taulukossa «Eturauhasen hyvänlaatuisen liikakasvun erotusdiagnostiikka.»4.
  • Yleislääkäri voi aloittaa lääkehoidon sen jälkeen, kun hän on sulkenut pois muut virtsaamisoireita aiheuttavat sairaudet ja tullut vakuuttuneeksi siitä, että potilaan valittamien kohtalaisten oireiden syynä on eturauhasen hyvänlaatuinen suurentuma, joka ei ole vielä johtanut komplikaatioihin.
  • Muussa tapauksessa potilas on syytä lähettää urologille, joka tehtyään tarvittavat lisätutkimukset voi aloittaa lääkityksen ja siirtää potilaan takaisin yleislääkärin jatkohoitoon, ellei muuta sairautta löydy.
Taulukko 4. Eturauhasen hyvänlaatuisen liikakasvun erotusdiagnostiikka.
SairausEsitieto tai löydös
EturauhassyöpäTuseerauslöydös, seerumin suurentunut PSA-pitoisuus
RakkosyöpäHematuria, poikkeava sytologinen löydös
RakkokivetHematuria, kaikututkimuslöydös
Virtsaputken arpiahtaumaLaatikkomainen virtaamakäyrä
Rakon kaulan ahtaumaAikaisempi toimenpide
Sulkijan dyssynergiaPieni eturauhanen, haittaavat virtsaamisoireet
EturauhastulehdusAristava eturauhanen
Yliaktiivinen virtsarakkoVirtsauspakko, johon voi liittyä pakkoinkontinenssia

Hoidon valinta

Konservatiivinen hoito

Seuranta

Lääkehoito

Lääkkeen valinta

Invasiivinen hoito

Eturauhasen sisäiset laajentimet

Lämpöhoidot

Laserhoidot

Leikkaushoidot

Katetrihoito

  • Virtsaputken kautta asetettu kestokatetri soveltuu tilapäiseen käyttöön kroonisessa virtsaummessa ennen kuin potilas hoidetaan leikkauksella. Jos katetria pidetään pitkään, sen tulee olla silikoninen tai hydrofiilisesti pinnoitettu «In vitro muut kuin silikonikatetri estävät solujen kasvua soluviljelmässä.»C.
  • Häpyluun yläpuolinen katetri on kestokatetria parempi ja suositeltavampi, mikäli sen asettamisen tekniikka ja vasta-aiheet hallitaan. Se on myös ainoa mahdollisuus, kun katetrointi ei onnistu virtsaputken kautta.
  • Toistokatetrointi on hyvä kroonisen virtsaummen hoitomuoto soveltuvissa tapauksissa. Sen pitkäaikainen käyttö edellyttää, että potilas tai hänen omaisensa pystyy tekemään katetroinnin.

Seuranta

Laadun mittarit

  • Väestötason mittareita ovat perustutkimusten, täydentävien tutkimusten sekä eri menetelmin hoidettujen potilaiden määrät, painevirtaustutkimusten ja leikkauksella hoidettujen suhde, ehdottomien aiheiden vuoksi hoidettavien osuus leikkauksella hoidettavista, odotusaika toimenpiteeseen sekä uusintatoimenpiteiden ja komplikaatioiden määrät.
  • Yksilötason mittarit. Potilas arvioi hoidon tehoa täyttämällä oirekyselylomakkeen minkä lisäksi virtsasuihkun virtaama ja jäännösvirtsa mitataan. Edelleen seurataan virtsatulehdusten määrää, seerumin kreatiniinipitoisuutta sekä komplikaatioiden kehittymistä.

Muita viitteitä «Montorsi F, Galli L, Guazzoni G ym. Transrectal microwave hyperthermia for benign prostatic hyperplasia: long-term clinical, pathological and ultrastructural patterns. J Urol 1992;148:321–5»31, «Roos NP, Ramsey EW. A population-based study of prostatectomy: outcomes associated with differing surgical approaches. J Urol 1987;137:1184–8»32, «Chapple CR. Selective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in benign prostatic hyperplasia: rationale and clinical experience. Eur Urol 1996;29:129–44»33, «Buzelin JM, Roth S, Geffriaud-Ricouard C ym. Efficacy and safety of sustained-release alfuzosin 5 mg inpatients with benign prostatic hypeplasia. ALGEBI Study Group. Eur Urol 1997;31:190–8»34, «Chapple CR, Wyndaele JJ, Nordling J ym. Tamsulosin, the first prostate-selective antagonist: a meta-analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre studies in patients with benign prostati»35, «Lepor H for the Tamsulosin Investigator Group. Phase III multicenter placebo-controlled study of tasulosin in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 1998;51:892–900»36, «Roehrborn C, Boyle P, Waldstreicher J ym. Baseline serum PSA and prostate volume predict long-term symptomatic response to fiansteride: results of a four-year placebo-controlled trial. J Urol 1998;159»37, «Lepor H, Shapiro E. Characterization of the alpha1-adrenergic receptors in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1984;132:1226–9»38, «Shapiro E, Lepor H. Alpha2-adrenergic receptors in hyperplastic human prostate: Identification and characterization using (3H) rauwolscine. J Urol 1986;135:1038–42»39, «Shapiro E, Hartanto V, Lepor H. The response to alpha-blockade in benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to the percent area density of prostatic smooth muscle. Prostate 1992;21:297–307»40, «Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM ym. The alpha-1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in the human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha-1c subtype. »41, «Chapple CR, Burt RP, Andersson PO ym. Alpha-1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the human prostate. Br J Urol 1994;74:585–9»42, «Lepor H, Nieder A, Feser J ym. Effect of terazosin on prostatism in men with normal and abnormal peak flow rates. Urology 1997;49:476–80»43, «Kirby RS, Coppinger SW, Corcoran MO ym. Prazosin in the treatment of prostatic obstruction. A placebo-controlled study. Br J Urol 1987;60:136–42»44, «Chapple CR, Stott M, Abrams PH ym. A 12-week placebo-controlled study of prazosin in the treatment of prostatic obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 1992;70:285–94»45, «Jardin A, Bensadoun H, Delauche-Cavallier MC ym. Alfuzosin for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Lancet 1991;337:1457–61»46, «Hansen B, Nordling J, Mensink HJ ym. Alfuzosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: effects on symptom scores, urinary flow rates and residual volume. A multicentre, bouble-blind, placebo»47, «Martorana G, Gibert C, Di Silverio F ym. Effects of short-term treatment with the alpha 1-blocker alfuzosin on urodynamic pressure/flow parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Ur»48, «Buzelin JM, Delauche-Cavallier MC, Roth S. Clinical uroselectivity: evidence from patients treated with slow-release alfuzosin for symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction. Br J Urol 1997;79:898ȁ»49, «Boyle P, Gould AL, Roehrborn C. Baseline serum specific antigen (PSA) levels predict degree of symptom improvement following therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with finasteride. J Urol 1997»50, «Ford AP, Williams TJ, Blue DR ym. Alpha-1-adrenoceptor classification: Sharpening Occam's razor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994;15:167–70»51.

Taulukko 5. 5-alfareduktaasin estäjillä tehdyt keskeisimmät lumekontrolloidut tutkimukset.
PotilaitaLumehoidon kesto (kk)Eturauhasen koko (ml)Huippuvirtaama (ml/s)pQ-tutk
North American5671259.99.6
International4471248.18.9
Scandinavian Study182644.07.8
SCARP3842441.310.2
VA6011237.510.4
Prospect5542445.911.0
PLESS study301648
Tammela & Kontturi36649.08.2+
Invasive urodynamics1211245.29.1+
US Primary Care Study211212
MTOPS30475436.310.5
Pooled analysis of 3 durasteride studies43252454.510.2
Taulukko 6. Suomessa käytettävissä olevilla alfa1-salpaajilla tehdyt keskeisimmät lumekontrolloidut tutkimukset.
LääkeTutkimusPotilasmääräLumehoidon kesto (kk)Huippuvirtaama (ml/s)pQ-tutk
Pratsosiini
  1. Kirby-86
  2. Chapple-92
  1. 55
  2. 97
  1. 1
  2. 3
  1. 8.1
  2. 10.0
  1. +
  2. +
Alfutsosiini
  1. Jardin-91
  2. Hansen-96
  3. Martorana-97
  4. Roerborn-01
  5. Buzelin-97
  1. 518
  2. 52
  3. 390
  4. 528
  1. 6
  2. 1
  3. 3
  4. 3
  1. 12.1
  2. 10.5
  3. 10.2
  4. 8.7
  1. -
  2. +
  3. -
Tamsulosiini
  1. Chapple-96
  2. Lepor-95
  1. 575
  2. 756
  1. 3
  2. 3
  1. 10.1
  2. 9.7
- -

Suomalaisen Lääkäriseuran Duodecimin ja Suomen Urologiyhdistyksen asettama työryhmä

Eturauhasen hyvänlaatuinen liikakasvu-suosituksen historiatiedot «Eturauhasen hyvälaatuinen liikakasvu, Käypä hoito -suosituksen historiatiedot»2

Puheenjohtaja:

Teuvo Tammela, professori; TAYS

Jäsenet:

Pekka Hellström, dosentti; OYKS

Harri Juusela, dosentti; Jorvin sairaala

Ilkka Kunnamo LKT; Saarijärven-Karstulan seudun terveyskeskus (Käypä hoito -toimittaja)

Martti Nurmi, dosentti; TYKS

Kimmo Taari, dosentti; HYKS

Kari Tuhkanen, erikoislääkäri; KYS

Sidonnaisuudet

Teuvo Tammela: Kutsuttuna luennoitsijana lääkeyritysten järjestämissä koulutustilaisuuksissa (Abbott, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Yamanouchi). Osallistunut yritysten koulutustilaisuuksien suunnitteluun (Abbott, AstraZeneca, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Yamanouchi). Osallistunut ulkomaisiin kongresseihin lääkealan yrityksen kustantamana AstraZeneca, GSK, Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis, Yamanouchi).

Pekka Hellström: Kutsuttuna luennoitsijana lääkealan yritysten järjestämissä koulutustilaisuuksissa (Berner, EliLilly, Janssen-Cilag, Ratiopharm, Yamanouchi). Osallistunut ulkomaisiin kongresseihin lääkealan yritysten kustantamana (AstraZeneca, Aventis, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Pfizer, Pharmacia, Photocure). Tehnyt yrityksille lääketutkimusta korvausta vastaan (Ferring, GlaxoSmithKline, Hormos Medical, Nippon, Pfizer, Sanofi Synthelabo). Toiminut lääkealan yrityksen asiantuntijana (Sanofi Synthelabo, SCA).

Harri Juusela: Osallistunut ulkomaisiin kongresseihin lääkealan yritysten kustantamana (AstraZeneca, Pfizer).

Ilkka Kunnamo: Ei sidonnaisuuksia.

Martti Nurmi: Kutsuttuna luennoitsijana lääkealan yritysten järjestämissä koulutustilaisuuksissa (AstraZeneca, Leiras, Sanofi-Synthelabo). Osallistunut ulkomaan kongressimatkoihin lääkealan yritysten kustantamana (AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Yamanouchi, Pfizer). Toiminut lääkealan yrityksen asiantuntijana (AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Synthelabo).

Kimmo Taari: Osallistunut yritysten koulutustilaisuuksien suunnitteluun (Pfizer). Osallistunut ulkomaisiin kongresseihin lääkealan yritysten kustantamana (AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Yamanouchi). Tehnyt yrityksille lääketutkimusta korvausta vastaan (GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis).

Kari Tuhkanen: Osallistunut ulkomaisiin kongresseihin lääkealan yritysten kustantamana (AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Yamanouchi). Toiminut asiantuntijana lääkealan yritykselle (GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi-Synthelabo). Tehnyt yritykselle tutkimusta palkkiota vastaan (GlaxoSmithKline).

Vastuun rajaus

Käypä hoito -suositukset ovat parhaiden asiantuntijoiden laatimia yhteenvetoja yksittäisten sairauksien diagnostiikan ja hoidon vaikuttavuudesta. Ne eivät korvaa lääkärin tai muun terveydenhuollon ammattilaisen omaa arviota yksittäisen potilaan parhaasta mahdollisesta diagnostiikasta ja hoidosta hoitopäätöksiä tehtäessä.

Kirjallisuutta

  1. Berry SJ, Coffey DS, Walsh PC, Ewing LL. The development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia with age. J Urol 1984;132:474–9
  2. Abrams P. New words for old: lower urinary tract symptoms for "prostatism". Br Med J 1994;308:929–30
  3. Taari K, Ruutu M. Virtsauslista diagnostisena apuvälineenä. Suom Lääkäril 1995;50:2799–800
  4. 4th International consultation on BPH. Paris, July 2–5, 1997. Recommendations of the international scientific committee: the evaluation and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. Proceedings 4, 1998
  5. McGuire EJ. The role of urodynamic investigation in the assessment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. J Urol 1992;148:1133–6
  6. Madsen FA, Bruskewitz RC. Cystoscopy in the evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia. World J Urol 1995;13:14–6
  7. Jacobsen SJ, Girman CJ, Guess HA ym. Natural history of prostatism: logitudinal changes in voiding symptoms in community dwelling men. J Urol 1996;155:595–600
  8. Denis L, McConnell J, Yoshida O ym. The evaluation and treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction. 4th International Consultation on BPH, Paris, July 2 – 5, 1997. Proceedings
  9. Wasson JH, Reda DJ, Bruskewitz RC ym. A comparison of transurethral surgery with watchful waiting for moderate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia.N Engl J Med 1995;332:75–9
  10. Tammela T. Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Practical treatment guidelines. Drugs Aging 1997;10:349–66
  11. Andersen JT, Nickel JC, Marshall VR ym. Finasteride significantly reduces acute urinary retention and need for surgery in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 1997;49:839-45
  12. McConnell JD, Bruskewitz R, Walsh P ym. The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 1998;338:557-63
  13. Boyle P, Roehrborn C, Marks L ym. Early use of dutasteride arrests prostate growth, improves clinical parameters and prevents complications in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2003;169:477
  14. Barkin J, Guimaraes M, Jacobi G ym. Alpha-blocker therapy can be withdrawn in the majority of men following initial combination therapy with the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride. Eur Urol 2003;44:461-6
  15. McConnell JD, Roehrborn CG, Bautista OM ym. The long-term effect of doxazosin, finasteride, and combination therapy on the clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2387-98
  16. De la Rosette JJ, d´Ancona FC, Debruyne FM. Current status of thermotherapy of the prostate. J Urol 1997;157:430-8
  17. Wagrell L, Schelin S, Nordling J ym. Feedback microwave thermotherapy versus TURP for clinical BPH – a randomized controlled multicenter study. Urology 2002;60:292-9
  18. Wagrell L, Schelin S, Nordling J ym. Three-year follow-up of feedback microwave thermotherapy versus TURP for clinical BPH: a prospective randomized multicenter study. Urology. 2004;64:698-702
  19. Floratos DL, Kiemeney LA, Rossi C ym. Long-term followup of randomized transurethral microwave thermotherapy versus transurethral prostatic resection study. J Urol 2001;165:1533-8
  20. De La Rosette JJ, Floratos DL, Severens JL ym. Transurethral resection vs microwave thermotherapy of the prostate: a cost-consequence analysis. BJU Int 2003;92:713-8
  21. Albala DM, Fulmer BR, Turk TM ym. Office-based transurethral microwave thermotherapy using the TherMatrx TMx-2000. J Endourol 2002;16:57-61
  22. Roehrborn CG, Girman CJ, Rhodes T ym. Correlation between prostate size estimated by digital rectal examination and measured by transrectal ultrasound. Urology 1997;49:548-57
  23. Jaspal V, Amol P, Rajagopalan S. Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA)- A prospective study, three year follow up. Eur Urol 1998;33:3
  24. Shokeir AA, Al-Sisi H, Farage YM ym. Transurethral prostatectomy: a prospective randomized study of conventional resection and electrovaporization in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 1997;80:570-4
  25. Hammadeh MY, Madaan S, Hines J, Philp T. 5-year outcome of a prospective randomized trial to compare transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate and standard transurethral resection. Urol 2003;61:1166-71
  26. McAllister WJ, Karim O, Plail RO ym. Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate: is it any better than conventional transurethral resection of the prostate? BJU Int 2003;91:211-4
  27. Helke C, Manseck A, Hakenberg OW, Wirth M. Is transurethral vaporesection of the prostate better than standard transurethral resection? Eur Urol 2001;39:551-7
  28. Kuntz RM, Sascha A, Lehrich K, Fayd A. Transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate versus transurethral electrocautery resection of the prostate: a randomized prospective trial in 200 patients. J Urol 2004;172:1012-6
  29. Hai MA, Malek RS. Photoselective vaporization of the prostate: initial experience with a new 80 W KTP laser for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Endourol 2003:17:93-6
  30. Tan AH, Gilling PJ, Kennett KM ym. A randomized trial comparing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate with transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of bladder outlet obstruction secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia in large glands (40 to 200 grams). J Urol 2003;170:1270-4
  31. Montorsi F, Galli L, Guazzoni G ym. Transrectal microwave hyperthermia for benign prostatic hyperplasia: long-term clinical, pathological and ultrastructural patterns. J Urol 1992;148:321–5
  32. Roos NP, Ramsey EW. A population-based study of prostatectomy: outcomes associated with differing surgical approaches. J Urol 1987;137:1184–8
  33. Chapple CR. Selective alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists in benign prostatic hyperplasia: rationale and clinical experience. Eur Urol 1996;29:129–44
  34. Buzelin JM, Roth S, Geffriaud-Ricouard C ym. Efficacy and safety of sustained-release alfuzosin 5 mg inpatients with benign prostatic hypeplasia. ALGEBI Study Group. Eur Urol 1997;31:190–8
  35. Chapple CR, Wyndaele JJ, Nordling J ym. Tamsulosin, the first prostate-selective antagonist: a meta-analysis of two randomized, placebo-controlled, multicentre studies in patients with benign prostatic obstruction (symptomatic BPH). Eur Urol 1996;29:155–67
  36. Lepor H for the Tamsulosin Investigator Group. Phase III multicenter placebo-controlled study of tasulosin in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 1998;51:892–900
  37. Roehrborn C, Boyle P, Waldstreicher J ym. Baseline serum PSA and prostate volume predict long-term symptomatic response to fiansteride: results of a four-year placebo-controlled trial. J Urol 1998;159
  38. Lepor H, Shapiro E. Characterization of the alpha1-adrenergic receptors in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1984;132:1226–9
  39. Shapiro E, Lepor H. Alpha2-adrenergic receptors in hyperplastic human prostate: Identification and characterization using (3H) rauwolscine. J Urol 1986;135:1038–42
  40. Shapiro E, Hartanto V, Lepor H. The response to alpha-blockade in benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to the percent area density of prostatic smooth muscle. Prostate 1992;21:297–307
  41. Forray C, Bard JA, Wetzel JM ym. The alpha-1-adrenergic receptor that mediates smooth muscle contraction in the human prostate has the pharmacological properties of the cloned human alpha-1c subtype. Mol Pharmacol 1994;45:703–8
  42. Chapple CR, Burt RP, Andersson PO ym. Alpha-1-adrenoceptor subtypes in the human prostate. Br J Urol 1994;74:585–9
  43. Lepor H, Nieder A, Feser J ym. Effect of terazosin on prostatism in men with normal and abnormal peak flow rates. Urology 1997;49:476–80
  44. Kirby RS, Coppinger SW, Corcoran MO ym. Prazosin in the treatment of prostatic obstruction. A placebo-controlled study. Br J Urol 1987;60:136–42
  45. Chapple CR, Stott M, Abrams PH ym. A 12-week placebo-controlled study of prazosin in the treatment of prostatic obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 1992;70:285–94
  46. Jardin A, Bensadoun H, Delauche-Cavallier MC ym. Alfuzosin for treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Lancet 1991;337:1457–61
  47. Hansen B, Nordling J, Mensink HJ ym. Alfuzosin in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: effects on symptom scores, urinary flow rates and residual volume. A multicentre, bouble-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1996;169–76
  48. Martorana G, Gibert C, Di Silverio F ym. Effects of short-term treatment with the alpha 1-blocker alfuzosin on urodynamic pressure/flow parameters in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 1997;32:47-53
  49. Buzelin JM, Delauche-Cavallier MC, Roth S. Clinical uroselectivity: evidence from patients treated with slow-release alfuzosin for symptomatic benign prostatic obstruction. Br J Urol 1997;79:898–90
  50. Boyle P, Gould AL, Roehrborn C. Baseline serum specific antigen (PSA) levels predict degree of symptom improvement following therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with finasteride. J Urol 1997;157:134
  51. Ford AP, Williams TJ, Blue DR ym. Alpha-1-adrenoceptor classification: Sharpening Occam's razor. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1994;15:167–70
  52. Abrams P, Griffiths D, Buzelin JM ym. The urodynamic assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Kirjassa: 4th international consultation on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), Paris, July 2-5, 1997. Health publication Ltd 1998
  53. Abrams P, Griffiths D. The assessment of prostatic obstruction from urodynamic measurements and from residual urine. Br J Urol 1979;51:129-34
  54. Agarwal M, Palmer JH, Mufti GR. Transurethral resection for a large prostate - is it safe? Br J Urol 1993;72:318-21
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