| Bonney E et al. 2017 «Bonney E, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. The effic...»1 | |||
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| Research aim To evaluate the efficacy of two activity-based motor interventions in female adolescents with DCD Nintendo Wii training Dosage: involved a 45 min gaming session held once weekly for fourteen (14) weeks. Each participant played a maximum of eight games per session Intervention description: The Nintendo Wii training: The physical demands (level of difficulty, i.e., backpacks containing weights (between 1 and 3 kg) and wooden platforms (25 cm high) to elevate the balance board) of gameplay was progressively adjusted to avoid boredom and to stimulate gains in strength and conditioning. The participants were required to play several variations of the Wii games to sustain engagement, manage fatigue and to improve performance. The backpacks augmented the participants' body mass and the wooden platform raised the participants' center of mass, thereby increasing demands for balance control, coordination and strength. The task-oriented functional training Dosage: A 45 min exercise session was held once weekly for 14 weeks. Intervention description: Each session consisted of three parts: an initial warm up phase involving 10 min of group dance requiring coordination between several body parts; 25 min of motor skills instruction designed to improve skills; 10 min, the participants engaged in popular games such as capture the flag, traffic cop and netball. These games afforded them the opportunity to apply acquired skills in game situations and to utilize those skills to accomplish short bouts of moderate to high intensity exercises. In order to increase strength and conditioning, the functional task difficulty (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004) of the TFT was gradually adjusted over time (backpacks with sandbags of weight 1–3 kg) while performing functional tasks such as climbing hills and walking up and down-on a portion of the school's playground near the soccer field). Results
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| Country South Africa |
Participants n=43, all female 13–16 years old, 14.3 ± 1.1 years |
Physical strength measures Isometric muscular strength - A handheld dynamometer (the MicroFET2-Hogan Health Industries Inc., USA) - The break test method was performed to evaluate strength of the knee extensors, ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures 20 m shuttle run test |
| NOTE: Other than strength and fitness measures used were
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| Farhat F et al. 2015 «Farhat F, Masmoudi K, Hsairi I, ym. The effects of...»2 | |||
| Research aim To examine the effects of motor skill training on exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory fitness in children with DCD Training group Dosage: 60-min sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks. It consisted of a 10-min warm-up, 35–45 min of skill and agility training, and 5 min of recovery time. Intervention description: Walking, running, climbing, and jumping were part of the intervention. If children reached a certain level for a particular skill, skills were made more difficult progressively through task loading, changing spatial and temporal constraints of the task, and by combining tasks. A variety of functional tasks and exercises were designed to address common motor difficulties faced by children with DCD, such as poor agility, balance, core stability, and movement coordination. Notably, during the training the motor tasks were adapted to ensure successful execution of the tasks while at the same time providing an adequate challenge to the child's motor abilities. All participants completed at least 95% of the training time. Results
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| Country Tunisia |
Participants DCD, training = 14 (mean age = 8.8±1.0) DCD nontraining = 13 (mean age = 8.5±0.6) TD, nontraining = 14 (mean age = 8.6±0,9) All boys |
Physical strength measures - |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures 6 min walk Pulmonary function test (spirographic measurement) by cycle ergometer (SensorMedics: Vmax encore 29c; SensorMedics Co., Calif., USA) |
| NOTE Other than strength and fitness measures used were Identification of DCD
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| Ferguson GD et al. 2013 «Ferguson GD, Jelsma D, Jelsma J, ym. The efficacy ...»3 | |||
| Research aim To compare the efficacy of these two interventions on the motor performance, isometric strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (aerobic and anaerobic capacity) of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder Research design A pragmatic, single blinded, quasi-experimental design Neuromotor Task Training (NTT) Dosage: Nine weeks, with two sessions per week each lasting between 45 and 60 min applied by two therapists for each group Intervention description: Training was executed in small groups of between 5 and 8 children. First, the main motor control problems were identified. Then the functional goals of group members, recorded the most frequent responses and collated goals that were applicable to the whole group. Outdoor games in which wanted to learn how to become better were included to training (e.g. soccer, netball, variations of tagging games). Workstations were set up where children could practice components of selected games under the guidance of the therapists who manipulated aspects of the environment and task as needed. Principles of guided discovery to facilitate implicit learning of task components were used and positive feedback to support learning were provided. Wii Fit training Dosage: 30 min of gaming on the Nintendo Wii Fit balance board, three times a week for a period of six weeks under the supervision and guidance of two qualified therapists. Intervention description: Small groups of children participated simultaneously on the Wii Fit systems available in a single room. Various games were available, including thirteen games where children were required to mimic the act of cycling, soccer, skateboarding and skiing game by shifting their weight from side to side and back and forth and stepping and jumping over virtual obstacles in accordance with requirements of the game. Additionally, five games incorporating arm movements using the hand-held controller were also used. Children were instructed to choose one of these games and play it twice before choosing a different game. The role of therapist during training was to encourage and motivate the child and give support where needed. Results
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| Country South Africa |
Participants 6–10 years old NTT-group = 27 (15 boys, mean age = 8.22, sd = 1.34) Wii-group = 19 (9 boys, mean age = 7.63, sd = 1.07) |
Physical strength measures The Functional Strength Measure: maximum muscle strength, muscular endurance and power across eight functional activities (over hand throwing, standing long-jump, under-hand throwing, sit to stand, chest pass, lateral step-up, lifting a box and stair climbing) Isometric muscle strength: hand-held dynamometers (MicroFET 2, Hogan Health Industries Inc., USA & the Lafayette Manual Muscle Testing System, Model 01163, Lafayette Instrument Company, USA) - "Break" test: evaluate elbow flexors, elbow extensors and knee extensors - "Make" test: maximal force against the HHD, i.e., grip strength) Anaerobic muscle power: Muscle Power Sprint (six timed 15 m sprints) |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures 20 m shuttle run test |
| NOTE Other than strength and fitness measures used were Identification of DCD MABC-2 ≤ 16th percentile
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| Ferguson GD et al. 2015 «Ferguson GD, Naidoo N, Smits-Engelsman BC. Health ...»4 | |||
| Research aim To evaluate the outcomes of a nine-week health promotion program (HPP) on the motor performance and fitness levels of children (6–10 years) with and without DCD attending a low-income primary school. Health promotion program (HPP) Dosage: nine-week program Intervention description: A pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design. The six key features of a health promoting school (World Health Organisation, Citation1996) were used as a set of guiding principles along with clinical guidelines from the physiotherapy curriculum. The HPP was implemented generically as a "whole school" initiative for all children in grades one to five. Results Significant changes between pre and post for the combined groups: anaerobic peak and mean power, aerobic capacity, functional strength the pattern of change was similar in both groups. Anaerobic mean power: change was higher for the control group. |
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| Country South Africa |
Participants DCD = 22 (9 boys & 13 girls, mean age=7.7 y, sd=1.0) Control, without DCD = 19 (9 boys & 10 girls, mean age=8.0 y, sd=1.5) |
Physical strength measures Functional strength: muscular endurance and power across eight functional activities (over hand throwing, standing long-jump, under-hand throwing, sit to stand, chest pass, lateral step-up, lifting a box and stair climbing) Anaerobic power: Muscle Power Sprint (six timed 15 m sprints) |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures 20 m shuttle run test |
| NOTE Other than strength and fitness measures used were Identification of DCD
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| Fong SS et al. 2013 «Fong SS, Chung JW, Chow LP, ym. Differential effec...»5 | |||
| Research aim To investigate the effect of short-term intensive TKD training on the isokinetic knee muscle strength and reactive and static balance control of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Dosage: DCD-TKD group received the 3-month course of TKD training, a weekly one-hour TKD training + home exercises Intervention description: Parents were also encouraged to participate in the TKD training classes with their children in order to have a better understanding of the TKD maneuvers and could supervise their children to practice TKD at home. Apart from attending the face-to-face TKD training sessions, each participant in the DCD-TKD group was given a prescribed set of TKD home exercises to reinforce what had been learned at each training session and increase the frequency with which they exercised. The home exercises were exactly the same as those practiced during the face-to-face TKD training sessions. The participants were instructed to perform these TKD exercises daily (excluding TKD class days) throughout the 3-month study period. The participants' parents were provided with clear written instructions and a logbook, and were asked to coach or assist their children in performing the TKD home exercises, which could be completed within an hour. Results
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| Country Hong Kong |
Participants 44 children with DCD (mean age: 7.6±1.3 years;): -21 TKD group (17 boys, 4 girls) -23 Control group (18 boys, 5 girls) 18 control, without DCD mean age: 7.2±1.0 years; 14 boys, 4 girls |
Physical strength measures Isokinetic concentric strength: knee extensor (quadriceps) and knee flexor (hamstring & gastrocnemius) using a Cybex Norm isokinetic dynamometer (Computer Sports Medicine Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA). |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures - |
NOTE
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| Fong SSM et al. 2022 «Fong SSM, Chung LMY, Schooling CM, ym. Tai chi-mus...»6 | |||
| Research aim To compare the effectiveness of tai chi (TC) muscle power training (MPT), TC alone, MPT alone, and no training for improving the limits of stability (LOS) and motor and leg muscular performance and decreasing falls in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Dosage: 3 months of TC training Intervention description: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with four parallel arms Results
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| Country Hong Kong |
Participants 121 DCD children: -30 TC-MPT group (mean age 9.5±1.1, 25 boys, 5 girls) -30 TC group (mean age 9.9±1.2, 26 boys, 4 girls) -30 MPT group (mean age 9.8±1.0, 25 boys, 5 girls) -31 control group (mean age 9.7±1.0, 25 boys, 6 girls) |
Physical strength measures Knee muscle peak force and time to peak force, and the number of falls. LOS completion time and dynamic LOS scores. |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures - |
NOTE
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| Hands B et al. 2019 «Hands B, Chivers P, Grace T, ym. Time for change: ...»7 | |||
| Research aim To examine changes in fitness and strength outcomes in adolescents with low motor competence after participating in an individually designed exercise program over time. Dosage: an exercise clinic twice a week for each 13-week program. Each session lasted 90 min. Intervention description: Between 20 and 25 participants attend two sessions per week. Two programs run each year with a break for seven weeks in the middle of the year, and 17 weeks at the end of the year over summer. Each participant is paired with a 3rd year undergraduate student trainer enrolled in an Exercise and Sport Science or Physiotherapy degree or a 4th year postgraduate student enrolled in a Clinical Exercise Physiology degree. Each trainer designs an individually focussed program involving cardiorespiratory fitness, resistance training, and motor skill techniques based on a discussion with the participant regarding their interests and needs. Following each session participants also provide feedback to their trainer on specific goals for the next session. Each session is planned by the trainer and recorded in a booklet. For example, the number of sets, repetitions, and weight is recorded for all pin-loaded machines and free weights. Progression across the program of increasing sets, repetitions and weight is determined by the trainer. Four set exercises; leg press, chest press, plank, and a 5 minute cardiovascular exercise are completed each session toenable consistent tracking of progress. For the cardio exercise, the trainer and participant decide together which equipment (recumbent bike, cross trainer, cycle ergometer or rowing ergometer) to use (McIntyre et al., 2015). The program is overseen by one of the primary researchers and an Accredited Exercise Physiologist. Results
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| Country Australia |
Participants 58 adolescents with low motor competence (39 males, mean age = 13.6, SD=1.4 years) Participants attended for as long as they felt progress was made or they turned 18 years of age. |
Physical strength measures Performance on the Multistage Fitness Test (MSFT), Curl-ups, Grip Strength, 1RM Leg press and Chest Press, Vertical Jump and Standing Broad Jump (SBJ) were recorded pre and post each program for up to six years. |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures - |
NOTE
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| Kaufman, L. B., & Schilling, D. L. (2007). «Kaufman LB, Schilling DL. Implementation of a stre...»8 | |||
| Research aim To describe how a strength (muscle force-generating capacity) training program was associated with changes in muscle strength, motor function, and proprioceptive position sense in a young child with poor body awareness and a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder. Dosage: A 12-week strength training program, a twice-a-week training schedule was established with one day of rest between training sessions. Accordingly, sessions were 20 to 30 minutes in duration, including a 5-minute warm-up period and a 5-minute cool-down period. Intervention description: Variables included in the program were muscle action, loading, exercise selection, exercise sequence, training volume, training frequency, rest intervals, repetition velocity, duration of session, duration of exercise program, and progression. The program included dynamic repetitions with both concentric and eccentric contractions of full range of motion. Three weeks prior to using free weights, Andy performed the first set of exercises with just hands-on guidance. The therapist determined the initial load for each exercise by Andy's ability to lift a weight through the full range of motion for at least 6 repetitions without deterioration of the performance. The therapist chose 10 exercises. Andy's rest intervals (ie, the amount of time between exercise sets in his program) initially ranged from 30 to 120 seconds, as determined by his tolerance. Abdominal and back extension exercises required the maximum rest intervals. Results
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| Country USA |
Participants n=1, 5-year-old boy |
Physical strength measures -A handheld dynamometer (HHD) -HHD (Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester, model 01160‡) was used for both pretraining and posttraining measurements. |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures - |
| NOTE Motor test:
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| Kordi H et al 2016 «Kordi H, Sohrabi M, Saberi Kakhki A, ym. The effec...»9 | |||
| Research aim To evaluate the effects of strength training on improving static and dynamic balance in DCD children. Dosage: The participants exercised for 12 weeks and 24 sessions (each 60 minutes). Intervention description: The experimental group received strength training using flexible Theraband elastic exercise and control group received routine exercises in physical education class. Results
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| Country Iran |
Participants Experimental group, n=15 (10 boy, 5 girls) Age 8.01±0.54 Control group, n=15 (12 boy, 3 girls) Age 7.70±0.63 |
Physical strength measures Isometric strength of hip abductor muscles and plantar flexors were measured using hand held dynamometer |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures - |
| NOTE Static and dynamic balance
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| Smits-Engelsman et al. «Smits-Engelsman BCM, Jelsma LD, Ferguson GD. The e...»10 | |||
| Research aim First, to establish if a 5-week training program using Wii Fit games has a positive impact on physical fitness (functional strength, anaerobic fitness, balance, and agility) in a group of children (age 6–10 years) attending school in a low-income community with fewer opportunities to participate in PE and sports. The second purpose was to determine whether the level of motor coordination had an impact on the training effect of physical fitness outcomes. Dosage: Both groups of children engaged in 20 min of active Nintendo Wii Fit gaming on the balance board, twice a week for a period of five weeks. All children in the study completed 10 training sessions. Intervention description: Four television monitors and four off-the-shelf Nintendo Wii motion-controlled video consoles (Nintendo Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), including the balance boards, were set up in an unused room on the school premises. While standing on the balance board, a child can steer the virtual character (Mii) of the game by shifting weight in lateral or anterior-posterior direction, walking on the spot or bending and extending the knees in order to virtually jump. Four children participated simultaneously in the systems under the supervision and guidance of two trained student therapists. All television screens were separated by partitions to ensure that the children concentrated on their own screen. The role of the student therapists during training was to instruct, encourage and motivate the children, document the choice of games played and record the time the children were actively playing the game. Results
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| Country South Africa |
Participants Age range 6–10 years DCD children, n=17 Age 8.2(1.13) TD (control group), n=18 Age 8.0(1.22) |
Physical strength measures The Functional Strength Measurement, Running speed and Agility subtest of the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2). Anaerobic fitness: the 5 × 10-meter sprint test, the 5 × 10-meter slalom sprint test |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures - |
| NOTE DSM-5 criteria were used to identify children with DCD
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| Yu JJ et al. 2018 «Yu JJ, Burnett AF, Sit CH. Motor Skill Interventio...»11 | |||
| Research aim To determine the characteristics and effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and to identify potential moderators of training effects using meta-analysis. Intervention description: 10 process oriented, 29 task-oriented, 12 combination of process and task-oriented, 15 studies did not report Results For physical fitness, all ten studies reported significant and positive intervention effects. |
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| Country 15 countries |
Participants 66 studies, 18 eligible for meta-analysis DCD=2250 children TD=335 children 38 studies involved control group(s) 29 used usual care as a control condition |
Physical strength measures Physical fitness (eg, anaerobic capacity, strength, exercise tolerance) |
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures - |
| NOTE Other than strength and fitness measures used were Identification of DCD
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