Takaisin Tulosta

Voiman ja kestävyyskunnon harjoittaminen lapsilla ja nuorilla, joilla on kehityksellinen koordinaatiohäiriö (DCD)

Lisätietoa aiheesta
Piritta Asunta ja Helena Viholainen
5.6.2024
  • Alla on kuvattu tutkimuksia, joissa on tutkittu voiman ja kestävyyskunnon harjoittamista lapsilla ja nuorilla, joilla on DCD.
  • Kaikki tutkimukset (n = 10), mukaan lukien yksi meta-analyysi, osoittivat merkittäviä muutoksia voiman tuotossa.
  • Neljässä tutkimuksessa keskityttiin aerobiseen ja/tai anaerobiseen kuntoon. Kaikissa näissä tutkimuksissa raportoitiin merkittävistä ja positiivisista interventiovaikutuksista. Erityisesti huomattavia parannuksia havaittiin interventioiden jälkeen juoksussa ja ketteryydessä, sprinttitehtävissä, kävelymatkassa, korkeammassa maksimisykkeessä ja vähentyneessä koetussa rasituksessa.
  • Yksilöllisesti räätälöity säännöllinen kuntosaliohjelma kannustavassa ympäristössä ylläpitää harjoittelumotivaatiota ja parantaa kestävästi sellaisten nuorten kuntoon liittyviä ominaisuuksia, joilla on heikot motoriset taidot.
  • Voimaharjoittelu voi kehittää sellaisten lasten staattista tasapainoa, joilla on DCD, mutta dynaamiseen tasapainokykyyn se ei vaikuta.
Bonney E et al. 2017  «Bonney E, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. The effic...»1
Research aim
To evaluate the efficacy of two activity-based motor interventions in female adolescents with DCD
Nintendo Wii training
Dosage: involved a 45 min gaming session held once weekly for fourteen (14) weeks. Each participant played a maximum of eight games per session 
Intervention description: The Nintendo Wii training: The physical demands (level of difficulty, i.e., backpacks containing weights (between 1 and 3 kg) and wooden platforms (25 cm high) to elevate the balance board) of gameplay was progressively adjusted to avoid boredom and to stimulate gains in strength and conditioning. The participants were required to play several variations of the Wii games to sustain engagement, manage fatigue and to improve performance. The backpacks augmented the participants' body mass and the wooden platform raised the participants' center of mass, thereby increasing demands for balance control, coordination and strength. 
The task-oriented functional training
Dosage: A 45 min exercise session was held once weekly for 14 weeks.  
Intervention description: Each session consisted of three parts: an initial warm up phase involving 10 min of group dance requiring coordination between several body parts; 25 min of motor skills instruction designed to improve skills; 10 min, the participants engaged in popular games such as capture the flag, traffic cop and netball. These games afforded them the opportunity to apply acquired skills in game situations and to utilize those skills to accomplish short bouts of moderate to high intensity exercises. In order to increase strength and conditioning, the functional task difficulty (Guadagnoli & Lee, 2004) of the TFT was gradually adjusted over time (backpacks with sandbags of weight 1–3 kg) while performing functional tasks such as climbing hills and walking up and down-on a portion of the school's playground near the soccer field).
Results
  • At the end of the training, there were significant improvements in isometric strength of the knee extensors (p < 0.001), ankle plantarflexors (p < 0.001) and dorsiflexors (p < 0.001).
  • No statistically significant improvement in the running task aerobic endurance, (p = 0.300).
  • Significant improvements in running and agility (p < 0.001), sprint tasks (p < 0.001), and stair climbing (p < 0.001) were shown after intervention.
Country
South Africa
Participants
n=43, all female  
13–16 years old, 14.3 ± 1.1 years 
Physical strength measures
Isometric muscular strength 
- A handheld dynamometer (the MicroFET2-Hogan Health Industries Inc., USA) 
- The break test method was performed to evaluate strength of the knee extensors, ankle plantarflexors and dorsiflexors 
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
20 m shuttle run test 
NOTE:
Other than strength and fitness measures used were 
  • MABC-2: DCD ≤ 16th percentile 
  • Self-report questionnaire (motor proficiency, readiness to engage in exercise)
  •  All the participants were at a mainstream high school, which affirmed the absence of intellectual or cognitive impairment 
  • The participants had never been involved in any organized physical activity programme 
Running & agility performance 
  • BOT-2: running & agility subtests
Functional performance 
  • Sprint task: 10x15 m straight & slalom test) 
  • Stair climbing
 Self-efficacy 
  • Children's Self-Perceptions of Adequacy in and Predilection for Physical Activity (CSAPPA)
Participation 
  • Activities of Daily Living for adolescents' questionnaire (PADLA-Q)
Farhat F et al. 2015  «Farhat F, Masmoudi K, Hsairi I, ym. The effects of...»2
Research aim
To examine the effects of motor skill training on exercise tolerance and cardiorespiratory fitness in children with DCD
Training group
Dosage: 60-min sessions 3 times a week for 8 weeks. It consisted of a 10-min warm-up, 35–45 min of skill and agility training, and 5 min of recovery time. 
Intervention description: Walking, running, climbing, and jumping were part of the intervention. If children reached a certain level for a particular skill, skills were made more difficult progressively through task loading, changing spatial and temporal constraints of the task, and by combining tasks. A variety of functional tasks and exercises were designed to address common motor difficulties faced by children with DCD, such as poor agility, balance, core stability, and movement coordination. Notably, during the training the motor tasks were adapted to ensure successful execution of the tasks while at the same time providing an adequate challenge to the child's motor abilities. All participants completed at least 95% of the training time.
Results
  • After the training program the maximal power output was significantly increased for DCD group at anaerobic threshold (p < 0.05) and at peak level (maximal oxygen uptake, p < 0.001). Improvement in power output was more pronounced at the anaerobic threshold (t (13) = −5.21, p < 0.001) than at the maximal intensity (maximal oxygen uptake, t (13) = −3.08, p < 0.01) in the DCD training group.
  • Children with DCD that participated in the training program improved their walking distance (t (13) = −9.08, p < 0.001), had a higher maximum heart rate (t (13) = −3.41, p < 0.01), and reduced perceived exertion (t (13) = 2.75, p < 0.05).
  • The DCD nontraining group and the typically developed group did not change on any of the measures.
Country
Tunisia
Participants
DCD, training = 14 (mean age = 8.8±1.0) 
DCD nontraining = 13 (mean age = 8.5±0.6) 
TD, nontraining = 14 (mean age = 8.6±0,9) 
 
All boys
Physical strength measures
-
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
6 min walk 
 
Pulmonary function test (spirographic measurement) by cycle ergometer (SensorMedics: Vmax encore 29c; SensorMedics Co., Calif., USA)
NOTE
Other than strength and fitness measures used were 
Identification of DCD
  • Difficulties with daily living skills as assessed by parent questionnaires and clinical interviews
  • MABC ≤ 5th percentile 
 Inclusion criteria 
  • No intellectual impairment, no diagnosed emotional or neurological disorder, and no intervention during the past 3 months that affected their leisure participation patterns.  
Exclusion criteria 
  • Reported history of learning difficulties or any behavioral or orthopedics problems 
Body composition 
  • BMI 
Effort 
  • The Pictorial Children's Effort Rating Table (PCERT)
Ferguson GD et al. 2013  «Ferguson GD, Jelsma D, Jelsma J, ym. The efficacy ...»3 
Research aim
To compare the efficacy of these two interventions on the motor performance, isometric strength and cardiorespiratory fitness (aerobic and anaerobic capacity) of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder 
Research design
A pragmatic, single blinded, quasi-experimental design
Neuromotor Task Training (NTT)
Dosage: Nine weeks, with two sessions per week each lasting between 45 and 60 min applied by two therapists for each group 
Intervention description: Training was executed in small groups of between 5 and 8 children. First, the main motor control problems were identified. Then the functional goals of group members, recorded the most frequent responses and collated goals that were applicable to the whole group. Outdoor games in which wanted to learn how to become better were included to training (e.g. soccer, netball, variations of tagging games). Workstations were set up where children could practice components of selected games under the guidance of the therapists who manipulated aspects of the environment and task as needed. Principles of guided discovery to facilitate implicit learning of task components were used and positive feedback to support learning were provided. 
Wii Fit training
Dosage: 30 min of gaming on the Nintendo Wii Fit balance board, three times a week for a period of six weeks under the supervision and guidance of two qualified therapists. 
Intervention description: Small groups of children participated simultaneously on the Wii Fit systems available in a single room. Various games were available, including thirteen games where children were required to mimic the act of cycling, soccer, skateboarding and skiing game by shifting their weight from side to side and back and forth and stepping and jumping over virtual obstacles in accordance with requirements of the game. Additionally, five games incorporating arm movements using the hand-held controller were also used. Children were instructed to choose one of these games and play it twice before choosing a different game. The role of therapist during training was to encourage and motivate the child and give support where needed.
Results
  • The NTT group showed greater improvement in motor performance, functional strength and cardiorespiratory fitness. 
  • No improvements in isometric strength were seen in either group.
  • The Wii training group showed significant improvement in anaerobic performance.
Country
South Africa
Participants
6–10 years old 
 
NTT-group = 27 (15 boys, mean age = 8.22, sd = 1.34) 
Wii-group = 19 (9 boys, mean age = 7.63, sd = 1.07)
Physical strength measures
The Functional Strength Measure:  
maximum muscle strength, muscular endurance and power across eight functional activities (over hand throwing, standing long-jump, under-hand throwing, sit to stand, chest pass, lateral step-up, lifting a box and stair climbing)  
 
Isometric muscle strength:  
hand-held dynamometers (MicroFET 2, Hogan Health Industries Inc., USA & the Lafayette Manual Muscle Testing System, Model 01163, Lafayette Instrument Company, USA)  
- "Break" test: evaluate elbow flexors, elbow extensors and knee extensors 
- "Make" test: maximal force against the HHD, i.e., grip strength)  
Anaerobic muscle power: Muscle Power Sprint (six timed 15 m sprints)
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
20 m shuttle run test
NOTE
Other than strength and fitness measures used were 
Identification of DCD 
MABC-2 ≤ 16th percentile  
  • Presence of a motor coordination problem interfering with activities in daily life, identified by a teacher and/or a parent(s) Exclusion criteria 
  • Repeated any grade level more than once
  • Diagnosis of a cerebral palsy or other significant medical disorder, parental report 
Body composition 
  • BMI
Ferguson GD et al. 2015  «Ferguson GD, Naidoo N, Smits-Engelsman BC. Health ...»4
Research aim
To evaluate the outcomes of a nine-week health promotion program (HPP) on the motor performance and fitness levels of children (6–10 years) with and without DCD attending a low-income primary school.
Health promotion program (HPP)
Dosage: nine-week program  
Intervention description: A pretest-posttest, quasi-experimental design. The six key features of a health promoting school (World Health Organisation, Citation1996) were used as a set of guiding principles along with clinical guidelines from the physiotherapy curriculum. The HPP was implemented generically as a "whole school" initiative for all children in grades one to five.
Results
Significant changes between pre and post for the combined groups: anaerobic peak and mean power, aerobic capacity, functional strength the pattern of change was similar in both groups. 
Anaerobic mean power: change was higher for the control group.
Country
South Africa
Participants
DCD = 22 (9 boys & 13 girls, mean age=7.7 y, sd=1.0) 
Control, without DCD = 19 (9 boys & 10 girls, mean age=8.0 y, sd=1.5)
Physical strength measures
Functional strength:  
muscular endurance and power across eight functional activities (over hand throwing, standing long-jump, under-hand throwing, sit to stand, chest pass, lateral step-up, lifting a box and stair climbing)  
 
Anaerobic power: 
Muscle Power Sprint (six timed 15 m sprints)
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
20 m shuttle run test 
NOTE
Other than strength and fitness measures used were 
Identification of DCD 
  • MABC-2 < 5th percentile
  • Were identified by their teacher as having a motor coordination problem significantly interfering with academic achievement or activities of daily living
  • Parents reported no diagnosis of a general medical condition known to affect motor performance
  • Teacher affirmed the absence of mental retardation 
 Identifying control group (typically developing children, TD) 
  • No evidence of functional motor problems as observed by their teacher
  • A score above the 5th percentile on the MABC-2
  • No diagnosis of a significant medical condition as reported by a parent
  • Absence of intellectual or cognitive impairment as reported by their teacher
Fong SS et al. 2013  «Fong SS, Chung JW, Chow LP, ym. Differential effec...»5
Research aim
To investigate the effect of short-term intensive TKD training on the isokinetic knee muscle strength and reactive and static balance control of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).
Dosage: DCD-TKD group received the 3-month course of TKD training, a weekly one-hour TKD training + home exercises  
Intervention description: Parents were also encouraged to participate in the TKD training classes with their children in order to have a better understanding of the TKD maneuvers and could supervise their children to practice TKD at home. Apart from attending the face-to-face TKD training sessions, each participant in the DCD-TKD group was given a prescribed set of TKD home exercises to reinforce what had been learned at each training session and increase the frequency with which they exercised. The home exercises were exactly the same as those practiced during the face-to-face TKD training sessions. The participants were instructed to perform these TKD exercises daily (excluding TKD class days) throughout the 3-month study period. The participants' parents were provided with clear written instructions and a logbook, and were asked to coach or assist their children in performing the TKD home exercises, which could be completed within an hour.
Results
  • DCD-TKD children's isokinetic knee muscle strength, specifically at 1808/s, was as high as that of the normal control children (p > 0.0083) after TKD training
  • UST body sway velocity was slower in the DCD-TKD group than in the DCD control group (p < 0.001) and was comparable to that of the normal control group (p > 0.05) after TKD training.
  • The results show that children with DCD who undergo a 3-month program of intensive TKD training experience improvements in isokinetic knee muscle strength at 1808/s and static single-leg standing balance control, but do not benefit from improved reactive balance control.
Country
Hong Kong
Participants
44 children with 
DCD (mean age: 7.6±1.3 years;): 
-21 TKD group (17 boys, 4 girls) 
-23 Control group (18 boys, 5 girls) 
 
18 control, without DCD mean age: 7.2±1.0 years; 14 boys, 4 girls
Physical strength measures
Isokinetic concentric strength:  
knee extensor (quadriceps) and knee flexor (hamstring & gastrocnemius) using a Cybex Norm isokinetic dynamometer (Computer Sports Medicine Inc., Stoughton, MA, USA).
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
-
NOTE
  • Static balance: a unilateral stance test (UST) 
  • Reactive balance control = motor responses to unexpected perturbations: a motor control test (MCT) 
  • A formal diagnosis of DCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)
Fong SSM et al. 2022  «Fong SSM, Chung LMY, Schooling CM, ym. Tai chi-mus...»6
Research aim
To compare the effectiveness of tai chi (TC) muscle power training (MPT), TC alone, MPT alone, and no training for improving the limits of stability (LOS) and motor and leg muscular performance and decreasing falls in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD).
Dosage: 3 months of TC training 
Intervention description: a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial with four parallel arms 
Results
  • TC training strengthened the knee extensor muscles and MPT strengthened the knee flexor muscles of children with DCD.
  • Improvements in the peak forces of the knee extensors and flexors were demonstrated in the TC (p = 0.006) and MPT groups (p = 0.032). The number of falls also decreased in these two groups (p < 0.001). Thus, clinicians may prescribe TC or MPT for children with DCD to increase their knee muscle strength and reduce their risk of falls.
Country
Hong Kong 
Participants
121 DCD children: 
-30 TC-MPT group (mean age 9.5±1.1, 25 boys, 5 girls) 
-30 TC group 
(mean age 9.9±1.2, 26 boys, 4 girls) 
-30 MPT group 
(mean age 9.8±1.0, 25 boys, 5 girls) 
-31 control group 
(mean age 9.7±1.0, 25 boys, 6 girls)
Physical strength measures
Knee muscle peak force and time to peak force, and the number of falls. 
 
LOS completion time and dynamic LOS scores. 
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
-
NOTE
  • Children were included if they were diagnosed with DCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders V (DSM-5), had a total MABC-2 test score < 67, had a total score < 55 (for children aged 9 years) or < 57 (for children aged 10 to 12 years), on the DCDQ 2007 (Chinese version), attended a mainstream primary school (i.e., intelligence level within the normal range).
  • Children were excluded if they: (1) had any known significant congenital, cognitive, psychiatric (other than comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ASD), neurological, sensory, musculoskeletal, or cardiopulmonary disorder that may affect test performance; (2) were receiving active treatment, such as physiotherapy; (3) had prior experience in TC or MPT; (4) demonstrated excessive disruptive behavior; or (5) were unable to follow instructions. 
  • Did not include a follow-up assessment due to the social distancing policy and school closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hands B et al. 2019 «Hands B, Chivers P, Grace T, ym. Time for change: ...»7
Research aim
To examine changes in fitness and strength outcomes in adolescents with low motor competence after participating in an individually designed exercise program over time.
Dosage: an exercise clinic twice a week for each 13-week program. Each session lasted 90 min. 
Intervention description: Between 20 and 25 participants attend two sessions per week. Two programs run each year with a break for seven weeks in the middle of the year, and 17 weeks at the end of the year over summer. Each participant is paired with a 3rd year undergraduate student trainer enrolled in an Exercise and Sport Science or Physiotherapy degree or a 4th year postgraduate student enrolled in a Clinical Exercise Physiology degree. Each trainer designs an individually focussed program involving 
cardiorespiratory fitness, resistance training, and motor skill techniques based on a discussion with the participant regarding their interests and needs. Following each session participants also provide feedback to their trainer on specific goals for the next session. Each session is planned by the trainer and recorded in a booklet. For example, the number of sets, repetitions, and weight is recorded for all pin-loaded machines and free weights. Progression across the program of increasing sets, repetitions and weight is determined by the trainer. Four set exercises; leg press, chest press, plank, and a 5 minute cardiovascular exercise are completed each session toenable consistent tracking of progress. For the cardio exercise, the trainer and participant decide together which equipment (recumbent bike, cross trainer, cycle ergometer or rowing ergometer) to use (McIntyre et al., 2015). The program is overseen by one of the primary researchers and an Accredited Exercise Physiologist.
Results
  • An individually tailored regular exercise program in a supportive environment achieved exercise adherence and sustainable improvements in fitness outcomes for adolescents with low motor competence. 
  • Adjusting for gender, age and NDI, LMM analysis found four of the seven fitness measures showed significant improvement over time, these were the MSFT (p < .001), curl ups (p < .001), SBJ (p = .006) and grip strength (p = .003)
Country
Australia 
Participants
58 adolescents with low motor competence (39 males, mean age = 13.6, SD=1.4 years) 
 
Participants attended for as long as they felt progress was made or they turned 18 years of age.
Physical strength measures
Performance on the Multistage Fitness Test (MSFT), Curl-ups, Grip Strength, 1RM Leg press and Chest Press, Vertical Jump and Standing Broad Jump (SBJ) were recorded pre and post each program for up to six years.
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
-
NOTE
  • No control group, and therefore, no understanding of intervention effect. 
  • Program eligibility included being aged between 13 and 17 years, and a Neuromuscular Developmental Index (NDI) score of ≤85 derived from the McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development (MAND) (McCarron, 1997) that indicated a motor disability.
Kaufman, L. B., & Schilling, D. L. (2007). «Kaufman LB, Schilling DL. Implementation of a stre...»8
Research aim
To describe how a strength (muscle force-generating capacity) training program was associated with changes in muscle strength, motor function, and proprioceptive position sense in a young child with poor body awareness and a diagnosis of developmental coordination disorder.
Dosage: A 12-week strength training program, a twice-a-week training schedule was established with one day of rest between training sessions. Accordingly, sessions were 20 to 30 minutes in duration, including a 5-minute warm-up period and a 5-minute cool-down period. 
Intervention description: Variables included in the program were muscle action, loading, exercise selection, exercise sequence, training volume, training frequency, rest intervals, repetition velocity, duration of session, duration of exercise program, and progression. The program included dynamic repetitions with both concentric and eccentric contractions of full range of motion. Three weeks prior to using free weights, Andy performed the first set of exercises with just hands-on guidance. The therapist determined the initial load for each exercise by Andy's ability to lift a weight through the full range of motion for at least 6 repetitions without deterioration of the performance. The therapist chose 10 exercises. Andy's rest intervals (ie, the amount of time between exercise sets in his program) initially ranged from 30 to 120 seconds, as determined by his tolerance. Abdominal and back extension exercises required the maximum rest intervals.
Results
  • Improvements were noted in muscle strength, gross motor function, and proprioception.
  • Progression in strength was seen at both the 6th and 12th weeks of muscle strength assessment, as shown in Table 1. The most substantial gains in strength were in the rectus abdominis and gluteus medius muscles. The rectus abdominis muscle demonstrated a 3-fold increase in strength, the right gluteus medius muscle demonstrated almost a 5-fold increase in strength, and the left gluteus medius muscle demonstrated a 3-fold increase in strength.
Country
USA
Participants
n=1, 5-year-old boy
Physical strength measures
-A handheld dynamometer (HHD) 
-HHD (Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester, model 01160‡) was used for both pretraining and posttraining measurements.
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
-
NOTE  
Motor test: 
  • The Peabody Developmental Gross Motor Scale 
  • Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOTMP) 
Proprioceptive abilities: 
  • A 3-point scale based on the scoring system developed by Korkman (1988)
A limb movement position sense test
Kordi H et al 2016  «Kordi H, Sohrabi M, Saberi Kakhki A, ym. The effec...»9
Research aim
To evaluate the effects of strength training on improving static and dynamic balance in DCD children.
Dosage: The participants exercised for 12 weeks and 24 sessions (each 60 minutes).  
Intervention description: The experimental group received strength training using flexible Theraband elastic exercise and control group received routine exercises in physical education class.
Results
  • Strength training significantly increased muscle strength in DCD children (P <0.001) and improved their static balance performance (P <0.05); however, these exercises had no significant effect on their dynamic balance performance (P >0.05).
  • Strength training leads to static balance improvement in DCD children. There was not an improvement in dynamic balance through the strength training in these children.
  
Country
Iran
Participants
Experimental group, n=15 (10 boy, 5 girls) 
Age 8.01±0.54 
 
Control group, n=15 (12 boy, 3 girls) 
Age 7.70±0.63
Physical strength measures
Isometric strength of hip abductor muscles and plantar flexors were measured using hand held dynamometer
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
-
NOTE 
Static and dynamic balance
  • Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) was used for measurement. 
The inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of DCD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- IV
Smits-Engelsman et al.  «Smits-Engelsman BCM, Jelsma LD, Ferguson GD. The e...»10
Research aim
First, to establish if a 5-week training program using Wii Fit games has a positive impact on physical fitness (functional strength, anaerobic fitness, balance, and agility) in a group of children (age 6–10 years) attending school in a low-income community with fewer opportunities to participate in PE and sports. The second purpose was to determine whether the level of motor coordination had an impact on the training effect of physical fitness outcomes.
Dosage: Both groups of children engaged in 20 min of active Nintendo Wii Fit gaming on the balance board, twice a week for a period of five weeks. All children in the study completed 10 training sessions. 
Intervention description: Four television monitors and four off-the-shelf Nintendo Wii motion-controlled video consoles (Nintendo Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan), including the balance boards, were set up in an unused room on the school premises. While standing on the balance board, a child can steer the virtual character (Mii) of the game by shifting weight in lateral or anterior-posterior direction, walking on the spot or bending and extending the knees in order to virtually jump. 
Four children participated simultaneously in the systems under the supervision and guidance of two trained student therapists. All television screens were separated by partitions to ensure that the children concentrated on their own screen. The role of the student therapists during training was to instruct, encourage and motivate the children, document the choice of games played and record the time the children were actively playing the game.
Results
  • Both groups of children improved in functional strength and anaerobic fitness. The magnitude of these changes was not related to participant's motor coordination level. However, differences in change between the TD and DCD group were apparent on the motor performance tests; children with DCD seemed to benefit more in balance skills of the BOT-2, while the TD children improved more in the Running speed and Agility component of the BOT-2.
  • Active gaming improves functional strength and sprinting in children with/without DCD.
  • VR training leads to better balance skills in children with DCD.
Country
South Africa
Participants
Age range 6–10 years 
 
DCD children, n=17  
Age 8.2(1.13)  
 
TD (control group), n=18  
Age 8.0(1.22)
Physical strength measures
The Functional Strength Measurement, 
Running speed and Agility subtest of the Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd edition (BOT-2).   
 
Anaerobic fitness: 
the 5 × 10-meter sprint test, the 5 × 10-meter slalom sprint test
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
-
NOTE 
DSM-5 criteria were used to identify children with DCD   
  • The MABC-2 (Henderson, Sugden, & Barnett, 2007) was used as pretest to confirm that motor skills were below expected level for the age of the child.
Yu JJ et al. 2018  «Yu JJ, Burnett AF, Sit CH. Motor Skill Interventio...»11
Research aim
To determine the characteristics and effectiveness of motor skill interventions in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and to identify potential moderators of training effects using meta-analysis.
Intervention description:
10 process oriented, 29 task-oriented, 12 combination of process and task-oriented, 15 studies did not report
Results
For physical fitness, all ten studies reported significant and positive intervention effects.
Country
15 countries
Participants
66 studies, 18 eligible for meta-analysis 
 
DCD=2250 children 
TD=335 children 
 
38 studies involved control group(s) 
 
29 used usual care as a control condition
Physical strength measures
Physical fitness (eg, anaerobic capacity, strength, exercise tolerance)
Physical fitness (aerobic) measures
-
NOTE
Other than strength and fitness measures used were 
Identification of DCD 
  • MABC (the first or second edition): the most commonly used (n=49), the 15th percentile (n=27) and the fifth percentile (n=15) often considered as the diagnostic cutoff points 
  • Two other measures frequently used were the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (n=12) and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (n=6)
  • The outcome measures used were classified into 5 categories: gross and/or fine motor competence (n=59, 89%); cognitive, emotional, and psychological factors (n=35, 53%); perceptions and/or satisfaction regarding the children's improvement from significant others (n=17, 26%); physical fitness (n=10, 15%); physical activity and participation (n=7, 11%).

Kirjallisuutta

  1. Bonney E, Ferguson G, Smits-Engelsman B. The efficacy of two activity-based interventions in adolescents with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2017;71():223-236 «PMID: 29055242»PubMed
  2. Farhat F, Masmoudi K, Hsairi I, ym. The effects of 8 weeks of motor skill training on cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance performance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015;40(12):1269-78 «PMID: 26579947»PubMed
  3. Ferguson GD, Jelsma D, Jelsma J, ym. The efficacy of two task-orientated interventions for children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: Neuromotor Task Training and Nintendo Wii Fit Training. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(9):2449-61 «PMID: 23747936»PubMed
  4. Ferguson GD, Naidoo N, Smits-Engelsman BC. Health Promotion in a Low-income Primary School: Children with and Without DCD Benefit, but Differently. Phys Occup Ther Pediatr 2015;35(2):147-62 «PMID: 25984808»PubMed
  5. Fong SS, Chung JW, Chow LP, ym. Differential effect of Taekwondo training on knee muscle strength and reactive and static balance control in children with developmental coordination disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(5):1446-55 «PMID: 23474997»PubMed
  6. Fong SSM, Chung LMY, Schooling CM, ym. Tai chi-muscle power training for children with developmental coordination disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2022;12(1):22078 «PMID: 36543796»PubMed
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